A newborn's skin is soft and delicate. The right skin care and bathing can help maintain the health and texture of the baby's skin while providing a pleasant experience for both of you.

Contrary to popular thought, most babies don't need a bath every single day. With all the diaper changes and wiping of the mouth and nose after feedings, most babies need to be bathed only three times a week in the first year of life.

Baths can be given at any time of day. Bathing before a feeding often works well. Many parents prefer to bathe their baby in the evening, as part of the bedtime ritual. This works well, especially if bath time is relaxing and soothing for the baby.

Sponge baths are needed at first. To prevent infection, bathing in a tub of water should not be done until the baby's umbilical cord stump falls off, and a male baby's circumcision heals.

Supplies needed include the following:

• Thick towels or a sponge-type bath cushion
• Soft washcloths
• Basin or clean sink
• Cotton balls (optional)
• Baby shampoo and baby soap (nonirritating)
• Towel (a hooded towel is optional)
• Clean diaper and clothing

Tips for a sponge bath include the following:

• Make sure the room is warm, without drafts. This means about 75°F (24°C).
• Gather all equipment and supplies in advance.
• Add warm water to a clean sink or basin (warm to the inside of your wrist or elbow).
• Place baby on a bath cushion or thick towels on a surface that is comfortable for you.
• Keep the baby covered with a towel or blanket.
• Never take your hands off the baby, even for a moment. If you have forgotten something, wrap up the baby in a towel and take them with you.
• Start with the baby's face. Use a moistened, clean washcloth or cotton ball to wipe each eye, starting at the bridge of the nose, then wiping out to the corner of the eye.
• Wash the rest of the baby's face with a soft, moist washcloth without soap.
• Clean the outside folds of the ears with a soft washcloth. Don't insert a cotton swab into the baby's ear canal because of the risk of damage to the eardrum.
• Add a small amount of baby soap to the water or washcloth and gently bathe the rest of the baby from the neck down. Uncover only one area at a time. Rinse with a clean washcloth or a small cup of water. Be sure to avoid getting the umbilical cord stump wet.
• Once the baby's body is clean, you can wrap them in a warm towel before washing the hair.
• Wash the baby's head last with shampoo on a washcloth. Rinse, being careful not to let water run over the baby's face. Holding the baby firmly with your arm under their back and your wrist and hand supporting their neck, you can use a high faucet to rinse the hair. (If you are using a spray attachment with the faucet, be sure the water in the sprayer is warm.)
• Scrubbing is not needed, but most babies enjoy having their arms and legs massaged with gentle strokes during a bath.
• Wrap the baby in a towel and cuddle your clean baby close.
• Follow cord care instructions given by your baby's doctor.
• Use a soft baby brush to comb out your baby's hair. Don't use a hair dryer on hot to dry a baby's hair. This can cause burns.
• Expect your baby to cry the first few times you bathe them. Usually, this is just because a bath is a new experience.

Once your baby's umbilical cord stump has fallen off, and after a circumcision has healed, you can give your baby a tub bath. This can be a pleasurable experience for you and your baby. However, some babies may not like to be bathed, especially the first few times. Talk softly or sing and try some bath toys if your baby protests.

• Baby bathtub (preferably with a bottom drain plug)
• Nonslip mat or pad
• Bath thermometer (optional). These often have "safe" bath temperature ranges marked on them.

When bathing your baby in a tub:

• Clear the counter or tabletop of breakable objects and electrical appliances to prevent injury.
• Fill the tub with warm water, making sure the water is warm, not hot. Always test the water before placing your baby into the tub. Some parents feel most comfortable using a baby bath thermometer to confirm the correct temperature of the water.
• Follow the same general bathing instructions for a sponge bath.
• Never take your hands off your baby or walk away, even for a moment.
• Be sure to clean the bathtub after each use.

A baby's soft and delicate skin needs special care. Generally, it is best to use products made especially for babies, but your baby's doctor can advise you about other products. Products for adults may be too harsh for a baby and may contain irritants or allergens. Many parents like to use lotions. But unless the baby's skin is dry, lotions really are not needed. Powders should be avoided unless they are recommended by your baby's doctor. When using any powder, put the powder in your hand and then apply it to the baby's skin. Shaking powder into the air releases dust and talc that can harm your baby's lungs.

Many babies have rashes and bumps that are normal. Some rashes may be a sign of a problem or infection. Diaper rash can be irritating to the baby and needs to be treated. If you have concerns about a rash, or your baby is uncomfortable or has a fever, call your baby's doctor.

Laundry detergents may cause irritation to a baby's delicate skin. If your baby seems sensitive to detergent, you can use a special detergent for babies with sensitive skin and give the laundry an extra rinse with plain water to remove any leftover detergent.